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Olive

Olive

Olive trees are blessed and are mentioned in the Bible in several subjects.
Olive cultivation is one of the most important crops in the reclaimed areas and on which many regions in Egypt depends on, especially in monasteries, due to olive trees characteristics in bearing the high degrees of salinity both in the soil or in irrigation water, this in both medium and vulnerable soils, with the same level of water ground over 150 cm.

Availability of irrigation water:
The production of olive trees is effected with the irrigation operations and the availability of adequate quantities to increase the yield of the trees, and types.
Land creating: soil preparation must be made in good care, especially as it affects the irrigation system. Windbreaks outside the farm must be made, good attention must be made to the type of trees used as fenders which in turn tends to bottom so as not to compete with olive trees on water and food, such as Alkazuarina or Sbrasino olive trees which is characterized by based growth.


Farm design:
Expansion among the trees should be a distance of 6 m × 7 m to allow enough distance for light and air to stretch to the roots.

Planting dates:
Trees are planted throughout the year and especially in the months of July and August where the heat is intense.
Drilling caverns, may be done manually or using a digger to be suitably 80 cm 3, in case there is a deaf layer beneath the soil drilling is made to 150 cm beneath the soil to improve soil properties. 1- 2 kg superphosphate should be added as well as half a kilogram of sulfate potassium to feed seedlings, also a quarter kilogram of agricultural sulfur may be added.
Planting seedlings requires a four days land irrigation and cover 10 cm soil, to avoid any contact between the roots and fertilizers, and saddles are placed 120 cm in length against the wind.

Irrigation:
Each tree requires 80 to 100 liters per day.

Fertilization:
Olive trees grow in spring and autumn and buds arise in winter.
Organic fertilization (November and December), 2 -4 Moktef are added on both sides of each tree and directions change the following year at a depth of 30- 50 cm with the capacity to retain water and mineral elements to feed the trees.
We can benefit from vegetative water resulting from the process of olive juice to produce oil by adding it to the irrigation water by no more than 10- 12% of the amount of irrigation water applied to olive groves once a year. Outputs of annual pruning of olive trees are adding it to the organic fertilization and to fertilizers.

Mineral fertilization:
The analysis of the leafs to see shortages is through mineral elements fertilization, this is by adding around 100 LBP fertilizers per year, before the beginning of the spring growth cycle.

Breeding and Pruning:
Olive seedlings are raised on one shank, and in case of growth close to the soil surface remove until the height of a fist, this should be immediately after agriculture while maintaining the growth of the main Branch by linking it to the wooden saddle. Trees breeding is then made on 3- 4 branches without prejudice to the tree main branch, this should be during the first years of cultivation so take normal spherical shape which is the most appropriate form for the climate of Egypt and especially of the monastery.

First: the annual pruning of fruit trees:
1. Remove the crabs on the main stem of the tree - In order to maintain a low head tree
2. Remove the dry, broken and infected branches.
3. Remove the overlapping branches in the heart of the trees or destined for the bottom or close to the ground surface.
4. Remove branches that come out from the overall structure of the tree or touch other trees.


Secondly: Fruits Trimming

In order to ensure productivity of economic crop growth, new branches of fruits must grow
Third: trimming renewal (Aging rejuvenationfarms)
This process is done in several methods, and may be performed in several stages or in one stage; and this process is performed on the aging farm which deteriorated productivity of trees as a result of the neglect of pruning operations injury or farming in narrowed spaces which leads to overlapping branches in the same tree or between the trees and this leads to insufficient light and air required for appropriate growth, which increases the proportion of wood to leafs and therefore the presence of fruit the outskirts of the branches with lower percentage of new branches growth, following are the steps:

  1. Get rid of the shoots side in a year and the other side in another year
  2. Getting rid of branches avoiding the main branch
  3. Getting rid of the main stem of the tree to a height of 1 m from the ground.
  4. Getting rid of the main trunk of the tree until the surface of the earth, allowing new shoots to grow.
  5. Getting rid of the entire main stems to create a new tree and can change the type of product through vaccinations. This growth treatment method varies depending on the degree of infection in the main stem and the side stems of the tree structure.
  6. For farmers who refuse to renew their trees by cutting it can overcome this problem through gradual renewal and work on the branches by removing a ring at the base of the branch in January and February before the appearance of floral buds, and then repeat the process on the other branches renewing the entire tree in 5- 6 years.
    The pruning of ancient trees depends on several things, very weak trees require more pruning than strong trees and trees developing in week territories need more pruning than those developing in strong lands, and the same applies to the availability of water for irrigation.

Pruning of old trees requires shortening the stems and high branches which consumes more food and water as shorter trees helps produce new branches and increase the area of ​​fruit. At the same time this helps to reduce combined expenses and can also increase the number of trees in the acre due to the small space occupied per tree. Must be alert not to use pruning products in the olive groves, but must quickly get rid of them.


Spread in newly reclaimed lands many types of grass, whether broad-leaved or grain that single monocots, this in addition to the transfer of soil, including seeds and tubers for different types of grass from the old valley either explicitly or in organic traditional fertilizers and therefore should get rid of grasses in valuable food and water which is also an interactive shelter for pests that infect olive trees. Some depend on the use of plowing between trees to get rid of weeds, especially after the Cascade irrigation in summer to reduce the struggle for limited water quantities and to keep evaporative water loss and soil permeability to water, taking into account not to exceed the depth of plowing to 20 cm. Some rely on the method of chemical pesticides specialized to exterminate weeds, it was more expensive to use chemical pesticides in the early years than the cost of Altaziq process, as trees get older the interface spaces between the trees reduces and therefore lower costs resistance, but care must be taken when using these pesticides not to affect foliage

Collecting olives (harvest):
This is a key process in olive plantations, where it is the final stage due to the ongoing work of man and the length of the growing season tree which also represent a substantial proportion of the value of the fruit crop and the costs of the production process.

It is preferable to low breed trees which facilitates the collection of fruits manually while training workers on the skills of using hands and ladders to collect the fruits from high trees and in this way workers may collect around 200 kg per day.

Pests of olive trees:
First: insects
Infect olive groves, many of the insects that infect the shoots and roots (leaves, fruits, flowers, twigs and onyx and roots) and these insects causes a great loss annually to the olive production, and the most important of these insects are:
1. Olive fly
2. Olive green leaf worm
3. Nachrh olive leaf (moth olive)
4. Apple stalk borer
5. Scale insects
6. Sala olives (cotton)
7. Bark beetles

Second: Diseases:
1. Peacock eye disease

Olive varieties in Egypt, especially in monasteries:
Olive varieties are divided into sections:
1. By size

first: local varieties
Second: The newly imported varieties
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